MacBeth reading journal: Act Two, Scene One and Two

Scene One:

• 8 - Banquo has "cursed" thoughts. Cursing is what the witches do so it is no surprise that...
• 20 - Banquo "dreamt last night of the three Weird Sisters". He says that, to MacBeth they have "showed some truth" (referring to MacBeth becoming thane of Cawdor as well as Glamis) MacBeth himself says that he has "thought not of them" but quickly adds that he would like a chat with Banquo about that matter. This, we can assume to mean, shows us that MacBeth is insecure about the Weird Sister's assertion that he will be king someday and feels the need to verify that that was indeed what they said.
• 33 - "Is this a dagger which I see before me" MacBeth imagines (or is it the work of the witches to pressure him into murder?) a dagger floating before him with the handle towards him. Tis a (38) "dagger of the mind". Does he have post traumatic stress disorder after coming home from battle (in which he "unzipped" someone, remember *shudder*), seeing three witches melt into the mud and being asked by his wife to murder in cold blood the man who he has just fought a war to protect? That's a lot of stress for anybody to go through. 
• 41 - MacBeth draws his own dagger. Does this mean that he is frightened by the floating dagger or that he really now intends to kill Duncan! The second idea is backed up by line 42 - "thou marshall'st me the way that I was going" 
• 51 - "witchcraft" - 52 - "Hecat" (the queen witch). Is the dagger the work of the witches?

 Gothic connections in scene one:

• The supernatural ("Witchcraft", a floating dagger, Hecat, cursed)
• The setting (a castle: typical of the Gothic genre)
• Fear (MacBeth is afraid of the dagger and the audience who knows that, if MacBeth murders Duncan, he wont get away with it)
• Mystery (Is MacBeth imagining the dagger, or is it the work of the nefarious witches?)
• Psychological torment (the dagger if it's imagined is a symbol of MacBeth's psychological torment...)

Scene Two: 

• The Murder is done off stage. Almost like Shakespeare's telling us that it is not the physical deed that is important, rather the repercussions from it.
• 14 - "I have done the deed" MacBeth. Duncan is dead.
• 31 - When MacBeth prayed he "could not pronounce "Amen"", a clear sign of a guilty conscience, or a "false heart" as MacBeth puts it at the end of Act One
• 36 - Another indication of MacBeth's guilty conscience would be his comment on himself in line 36: "MacBeth does murder sleep". He says this in third person, indicating that he wants to distance himself from the deed...
• 51 - "I am afraid to think what I have done" MacBeth
• 74 - MacBeth is regretting it already! "Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst!" Two exclamations! This is super serious!
• Both MacBeth and Lady MacBeth are covered in blood by the end of the scene, both physically and mentally. Lady MacBeth says "A little water clears us of this deed". Yep. 0/10, must try harder. 
• MacBeth, as a character, is easily led astray by the important female characters in the play: The witches tell him he will be king and Lady MacBeth tells him to murder Duncan.
• Did Lady MacBeth's character rush the murder to make sure that MacBeth would commit it?
• Lady MacBeth would have killed King Duncan, but he "looked like her Father as he slept". Is this an excuse? Is she actually not as strong a character as her venomous tongue would have us believe?
• MACBETH IS TORN BETWEEN LOYALTY TO HIS WIFE AND LOYALTY TO HIS KING. Don'tcha know. A major theme of the play: split loyalty?
• Lady MacBeth does't love her husband, she has a lust for the power that MacBeth can project onto her (and, let's be fair, MacBeth doesn't show any signs of loving his wife, either)

Gothic conections in Scene Two:

• Fear (Both MacBeth and the good Lady wife are afraid of the knocking at the end of the scene. "I am afraid to think what I have done" MacBeth - 51)
• Psychological torment (MacBeth forgets to leave the daggers he committed the deed with in Ducan's chamber)
• The setting (at night in a castle)

MacBeth Reading Journal: Act One

Prior Points:

• MacBeth is the eponymous prontagonist.
• The play is modeled on a Greek Tragedy ("A play in which the protagonist, usually a man of importance and outstanding personal qualities, falls to disaster through the combination of a personal failing and circumstances with which he cannot deal" http://www.collinsdictionary.com)
• In the character list, powerful characters are separatred from non-powerful ones, for example, King Duncan and his Thanes have a space between them and the less powerful men, who, in turn, have a space between them and the women of the tale. 
• The main female character, Lady MacBeth, is not given a first name and is known by her husband's last name
• Motifs -Supernatural-Morality with moral dilemas-Violence. MacBeth is violent.
• "A great man can be brought down by one play on his deepest  desires"
• The settings are always dark

Scene One:

• The play starts with a question
• The three witches use call and responce in iambic pentametre while rhyming- eg "again" and "rain" 

Scene Two: 

• Starts In Medias Res, in the middle of a battle.
• "What bloody man is that?" opens with a question, just like the first act.
• MacBeth is first meantioned with the adjective "Brave" before his name
• MacBeth is in the thick of the action, fighting over a corner of Scotland. "Distaining fortune" MacBeth didn't care for his safety.
• MacBeth "unseamed" (cut in half) MacDonwald before chopping off his head and sticking it on the battlements. This shows that MacBeth can be ruthless.
• King Duncan praises MacBeth-24
• "MacBeth and Banquo were like cannons overcharged with double cracks"
• There are two battle-fronts, one against MacDonwald's army and one against the King of Norway. The Thane of Cawdor turns traitor to the King of Norway.
• The Disloyal Thane of Cawdor is put to death and the title goes to MacBeth.

Scene Three:

•  45 - The Weird Sisters are bearded (Weird meaning "a person’s destiny" oxforddictionaries.com in archaic Scotish)
•  49 - "All hail MacBeth, that shalt be king hereafter" A self fulfilling prophercy. This unlocks a reppressed desire of MacBeth. The witches use manipulation
• 81 - Supernatural. The witches melt!
• MacBeth becomes Thane of Cawdor and starts to believe that he will become king as well
• 130 - MacBeth questioning what the weird sisters say
• 134 - MacBeth is SCARED by what the witches say, despite his fearlessness in battle
• 138 - Murder is first meantioned by MacBeth

Scene Four:

• Starts with a question, like scenes one and two
• 15 - The King admits to trusting the wrong people. Enter MacBeth.
•  49 - MacBeth now wants to be King. Not in a questioning manner as in line 126 of Act One Scene Three. There are more obsticles to becoming King than Duncan. Buys into the Weird Sister's prophersy. An obsession. It's the first time that MacBeth goes a bit wrong. "Let not light see my black and deep desires" - 52. Does he have Post Traumatic Stress Dissorder after the battle? Changing from a battle hero back into a normal life must be hard, so he is probably not thinking rationally. Is what he's thinking a simple fantasy?

Scene Five:

•  1 - Lady MacBeth reads from a letter from MacBeth. There is nothing about the battle and nothing about how MacBeth is. It is all about the witches and what they said. Shows MacBeth's obsession. He could have waited until his homecoming but he has to tell her as soon as possible. Why would MacBeth send his wife the letter, she might think that he was going mad. Descriptive language is used in the letter. Florrid language, for example "I burned in desire to question them further" - 3
• 13 -  "Glamis thou art, and Cawdor and shalt be what thou art promised" (Thanes of Glamis and Cawdor)
• 14 - "Yet do I fear thy nature: It is too full o' the milk of human kindness" says Lady MacBeth. You can't be king because you're too kind. HOWEVER, we know how how violent MacBeth is. He "unzipped" someone, remember...
• 16 - "Thou wouldst be great, art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it" said Lady MacBeth. Ambitious but without a mean streak needed to get to nthe top. "That I may pour my spirits into thine ear" - 24. I will give MacBeth my mean streak.
•  37 - "The fatal entrance of Duncan" Lady MacBeth has decided in one page to commit regicide.
• 39 - "Unsex me here and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty" She wants to be a ruthless, coldblooded murderer. Asking the "spirits that tend on mortal thoughts". Speach patterns are like them of the witches.
• 42 - "Stop up the access and passage to remorse" Lady MacBeth. Take away what it means to be human.
• 46 - "Take my milk for gall" the "milk of human kindness" is turned to poison.
• When MacBeth returns to his wife, he is greated by "great Glamis, worthy Cawdor" His titles. No hugs, no niceties. This suggests that Lady MacBeth only values MacBeth for his titles!
• 59 - "O never shall sun that morrow see" Lady MacBeth about King Duncan.
• 60 -  "Your face, my thane, is as a book where men may read strange matters" MacBeth is worried
•  71 - "Leave all the rest to me" Says Lady MacBeth. Meaning preparation for murder, but not the actual muder itself.

Scene Six:

• 1 - "This castle hath a pleasent seat" King Duncan. Dramatic irony, as the audience knows at this point that he will meet his demise within those walls.
• 14 - The King praises Lady MacBeth
• Lady MacBeth is two-faced. She is nice to the king, but we know that she will have him mudered.

Scene Seven:

• MacBeth's Soliloquy, we see his true feelings. Questions whether he should really kill Duncan. WHY DOES MACBETH HAVE TO BE KING RIGHT NOW? WHY DOES HE HAVE TO COMMIT MURDER IF THE WITCHES SAY HE'LL BE KING ANYWAY?
• 31 - "We will proceed no further in this business" MacBeth says that he will not kill Duncan
• 43 - Lady MacBeth calls MacBeth a "coward" despite his war heroics
• 46 - "I dare do all that may become a man" MacBeth saying he's not a coward
• 48 - Lady MacBeth "What beast was't then that made you break this enterprise to me?" She blames MacBeth for telling her what the witches said.
•  55 - A refference to a dead child of Lady MacBeth psychologically disturbed.
• 60 - Lady MacBeth makes the plan. Cawdor turned traitor, so why not the bodyguards, FOOLPROOF.
• 79 - "I am settled" MacBeth will do the deed?

How far do you agree that both novels are about the psychological effects of war? A 200 word essay on Slaughterhouse-five and Regeneration

Neither the structure of Slaughterhouse-five by Kurt Vonnegut nor Regeneration by Pat Barker are linear in structure. Slaughterhouse-Five is cyclical in structure while Regeneration is peppered with flashbacks. The significance of this is that both novel's structures mirror the complexities of the effects that war has on the characters. Neither the main character of Slaughterhouse-Five, Billy Pilgrim, or the main character of Regeneration, Siegfried Sassoon, suffer any serious physical injuries in their time at war, in fact, the only injury that Billy Pilgrim sustains in the war is from a pair of "low cut civilian shoes he had brought for his father's funeral" which gives him a "sore hip". The psychological effects of the war on both Billy and Siegfried are formidable. Billy is hidden in an underground meat storing facility while an entire city full of civilians is firebombed to the ground by his own people while Sigfried can still recall the "charred and blackened" corpses on the battlefield of the First World War and he wrote poetry about watching his friends dieing. In this respect, both novels are certainly about the psychological effects of war on the individuals that experience it as we will find out in the full essay...

A Short Marxist analysis of Slaughterhouse 5

In Kurt Vonnegut's famous anti-war novel, Slaughterhouse 5, three simple words are repeated throughout the book that almost perectly sum up the storyline: "So it goes". This is always said by the narrator after death is mentioned. A Marxist would say that this phrase adequately sums up the lack of power any character has over their own fate and c'est la vie. This links nicely to the Tralfamadorians, a race of aliens (whether they are real or imagined by Billy Pilgrim is never important) who can see the fourth dimention, time, and therefore know how the universe began and how it will end. They also know that they are powerless to change anything as all of time has already happened, will always happen and is always happening. When they see a dead fellow tralfamador, they don't feel sad, as they know that it is still alive in another time. So it goes.

The second title of Slaughterhouse-Five is "The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance With Death" and throughout the novel, the narrator is constantly correcting himself when soldiers and men are mentioned, instead calling them children. An example of this is used when describing a dying, mad colonel  “This was a man who had lost an entire regiment, about forty-five hundred men—a lot of them children, actually”(being a colonel who was incompitant enough to lead 4500 children to their deaths, it seems unlikely that he was promoted for being a good tactition and so it seems likely that he would have bought his way to the upper echelons of the army. A dig at the upper classes?) This is significant in that children do not have power in society and so Vonnegut attempts to show us that soldiers weren't all gallant young me who wanted to fight for peace and their country, they were lambs sent to slaughter. The Slaughterhouse-five in the title might not just be Billy's prison in Dresden, but also a description of the war. A slaughterhouse.

Finally, the name of the main character is Billy Pilgrim. Not William or Will or Bill, but Billy. How many adults do you know who call themselves "Billy"? It is a childish name for a child and as we know, children lack the power to change their fate. So it goes...

Musée des Beux Arts reading journal

Title analysis:
"Musée des Beux Arts", or Museum of beautiful/fine arts in English is the name of the fine art museum in Brussels, which W.H. Auden must have visited. He liked some of the art there so much that he wrote this 25 line poem about it.

"Storyline" synopsis:
There isn't any story in this poem, it must be said, it is simply Auden describing the people in the background of paintings going about their lives while important events are unfolding to people equally in the background. At first, he says about how the old masters were never wrong when it came to suffering and how it happens while other people are performing mundane acts like opening a window before proceeding to use Breughel's Icarus as an example. To cut a long story short, this poem is a good example of ekphrastic poetry, that is, poetry that describes art.

Themes:
There is only one theme in Musée des Beux Arts, and that is selfishness, as that is the theme to be found in Breughel's Icarus. We would rather carry on ploughing our field than to save a drowning boy.

Miscellaneous points:

• We know that this poem is set in 1940 in Brussels, before the German occupation in May. 
• The poem uses a subjective yet detached voice, the voice of Auden.
• Musée des Beux Arts is written in Free Verse, meaning that the stanzas are of random length with randomly sized lines and, in this case, randomly spaced rhymes. The first stanza lasts 13 lines, the second 1 and the third 8, lines range from 3 to 14 words long and it seems to have a simple A-B-C-A-D-E-D-B-F-G-F-G-E-H-H-I-J-K-K-I-J rhyming scheme.
• There is quite a good example of enjambement here, where a sentence runs down into it's own stanza, a one sentence stanza, no less. The first ends with "Where the dogs go on with their doggy life and the torturer's horse" before changing stanza and going on to say that it "Scratches its innocent behind on a tree". There are other uses of enjambement, for example, line 3 to line 4, but none as dramatic as that.

Miss Gee reading journal

Title analysis:
Miss Gee? This is clearly the name of a woman, an unmarried woman. Gee is rather an odd surname, and it may just be nothing, but the word "gee" (as in "gee whizz Batman!") is actually a minced oath of "Jesus", just as "darn" is for "damn". Nothing else can be learnt from the main title, but the bracketed notification of the tune, St James's Infirmary, tells us that the poem is to be sung to a blues tune and seeing as blues music is never the most chipper of genres, we can surmise that this poem won't be a joyous read either, unless Auden is ironic in his choice of tune (as it happens, he is not).

Storyline synopsis:
Miss Gee, a spinster (unmarried lady who is older than unmarried ladies usually are) has a Freudian dream about a bull with the face of a vicar with "lowered horn"(PWOAR) chasing her, she then goes to church before going to the doctor, who proceeds to say that she has cancer. After being taken to the hospital, there is a time-jump to when she is dead and her corpse is used for medical study by "Oxford Groupers" who dissect her knee.

Miscellaneous points:

• Ah, it's my old friend, ballad form. Also to be found in  "O what is that sound". It is based on songs and could be sung, which  Miss Gee is plainly intended to be, as it set to a blues tune. It should go without saying (however, i'm still going to say it) that the poem uses "quatrain"- four lines per stanza. This use of a simple, short stanzas helps the reader to understand the words of the poem and the regular ABCB rhyming scheme throughout the poem's 25 stanzas assists in keeping things interesting.
• The diction (words) used in the poem seem rather childish, for example, we readers are asked if we would like to hear a "little" story and Dr. Thomas says that cancer is a "funny" thing. It seems as if Auden is talking down at us. Why? Well, maybe the moral in the story will tell us, if you are in pain, always go to your doctor, just in case it's serious. What sort of text has a moral? Fables do, of course. These are told to children to help them grasp ideas about life and society. It could be argued (for instance, by me) that this poem is doing the same job and it tries to achieve it's aim of teaching the maximum amount of people the dangers of not visiting the doctor by using easily understood language, humour (a bull with the face of a vicar) and sung in a style popular in the era (blues). HOWEVER, the childlike language and tone could also conceivably be used in an almost ironic fashion, as the tone of the poem is quite dark, because, after all is said and done, this is a poem about a woman who has cancer, dies and is then cut up
• The poem is told by an objective and omniscient narrator as is evident from the first line in the poem, which is " Let me tell you a little story".
• Back in the day, I am told that cancer was never refered to directly, only in euthamism. If you had "The Big C", you were going to die and there was nothing you could do about it, so maybe the poem was to inform the population of the danger, because children were never told about cancer and, damnit, you need to know your evil to understand it.
•  Miss Gee has a Freudian dream in which she was the Queen of France and the vicar of Saint Aloysius (the church that she goes to) asks her to dance. There is then a storm and the palace blows down, so she cycles away from a bull with the face of the vicar, charging with lowered horn. So behind the prudish spinster exterior lies repressed sexual feelings for the poor old the vicar, eh? HOLD IT! Miss Gee's bicycle gets slower and slower because of her "back-pedel brake" and the bull was going to overtake. This could be a way of symbolising her cancer.
• Line 51 is a quotation from the lord's prayer; "lead me not into temptation". She could be worried about her love of the vicar.

O what is that sound reading journal

Title analysis:
O what is that sound. Surely there should be a question mark at the end of that title? I'm not one to go around thinking that i'm better than well respected and published poets, though, so there must be a reason that ol' Wystan Hugh Auden decided against a question mark. I suggest that it might be because, despite being asked in the first two lines of the poem ("O what is that sound which so thrills the ear / Down in the valley drumming, drumming?") it isn't really a question that needs asking. The person asking the question already knows the answer, they already know that the sound is "drumming", so why ask the question? I believe this is because the first person wants to keep the second person calm and to a certain extent, themselves calm. These reassuring questions continue until stanza seven.

Storyline synopsis:
Two people see some soldiers "down in the valley" with complete soldier "gear". As the soldiers walk towards them, the first person, who I believe to be the second person's wife (i'll explain why later), keeps asking the second person hopeful questions, such as whether or not it's "the parson they want". When, inevitably, it turns out that the soldiers were actually heading straight for our heroes, the second person tries to run away and the soldiers break the gate and splinter the door with burning eyes. Ruh roh! Raggy!!

Voice:
There are plainly two voices used in this poem, one asking questions and the other answering them. For the first three stanzi, these questions are answered in a reassuring manner starting with "only" as in, when asked "O what is that sound which so thrills the ear / Down in the valley drumming, drumming?" our friend Mr. 2 responds "Only the scarlet soldiers, dear / The soldiers coming." In a reassuring manner. We know that there are both two people and that they are a married couple from stanza eight, where Mrs. 1 (or Mrs. Wife as I shall call her from now on) addresses Mr. 2 (or Mr. Husband as he shall now be known [Mrs. Wife kept her maiden name, OK]), asking him to "stay with" her and whether "the vows" he swore were "deceiving". Another clue that Mr. Husband and Mrs. Wife must indeed be husband and wife is in the responses of Mr. Husband. After his first sentence in every stanza, he gives the term of affection "dear". This, along with Mrs. Wife's mention of their vows makes me assume that the two voices are those of a husband and a wife. The last thing there is to point-out about the voice of this poem is that, in the final stanza, there seems to be only one voice; that of Mrs. Wife. In all eight of the other stanzas, Mrs. Wife first asks a question before it is answered by Mr. Husband, but in this final, ninth stanza, a question is never asked as instead, Mrs. Wife simply describes the soldiers as they enter into the building, having all four lines to herself.

Miscellaneous points: 

• The poem is written in the present tense in the third person and is told solely through speech.
• The rhyme scheme is a simple ABAB affair.
• The poem is subjective, meaning that it is coloured with the emotions of the characters. From the curiosity and reassurance of the first three stanzas to the fright expressed in the last, the whole ballad is quite emotional.
• Yes, this poem is in ballad form with four lines per stanza, or a "quatrain".
• The language used throughout is relatively simple, with very few long words, as if to suggest that Mrs. Wife and Mr. Husband were simple, innocent folk. This illusion is shattered in the penultimate stanza, however, when Mr. Husband leaves and is stomped on by army boots when the body of soldiers enters the building by breaking the door with their eyes aflame. 
• This could be completely wrong, as it is just a guess, but maybe Mr. Husband is an army deserter who the soldiers have come to take to a court marshal? It couldn't be conscription as the the British army only officially started conscripting in modern times from 1916-1919 and from 1936-1960 and we know that the poem can't be set in either of these times because the soldiers are described as being "scarlet", meanting that they must be wearing the red coats of the British army pre-1914.
• The poem features call and response, with the first half of every stanza, excluding nine, being said by one person before the responce of another in the final half.
• The use of "O" at the beggining of every stanza implys romantic poetry, which this certainly isn't. "O" may also be interpreted as an expression of tension

Final thought:

In stanza nine, after "it" (the army? evil? forces beond her control?) breaks into the building, Mrs. Wife speaks of their "boots" and their "eyes". These wouldn't be the most notable things about the bright red coated soldiers, surely? Why are the coats not described whereas the eyes and boots are?